The end of World War I did not mean the arrival of absolute peace in Europe. On the contrary, – one effect of the Great War was the economic instability seen in numerous countries. For the Entente countries, reparations paid by Germany and the return of loans taken out by Russia during the tsarist era offered a chance for overcoming such difficulties. However, both the Germans and the Russians were not so willing to pay off their debts. It was therefore decided to deal with these two urgent matters at an international economic conference, which was convened in the spring of 1922 in Genoa, Italy.
05.04.1940. TO KHARKOV FOR DEATH – FIRST TRANSPORTS OF POLISH PRISONERS FROM STAROBIELSK
Soviet aggression against Poland, which began on the morning of September the 17th, 1939, came as a surprise for the authorities, the civilian population, the police, the army, and the Border Protection Corps. However, this was only a small taste of what the aggressor had in store for Poles in the coming months. A group of almost 22 thousand Polish citizens selected by the Soviets were to meet a special fate, being held in three special NKVD prisoner-of-war camps prisons in the occupied territories of Poland.
Commemoration book of the Auchimowicz Family, Nairobi, 1944
This small booklet is used by Orthodox believers to record the names of loved ones of the deceased. It belonged to the Auchimowicz family.
23.02.1918. THE ‘RED DAWN’, I.E. THE FORMATION OF THE RED ARMY
The 23rd of February that is recognised as the founding day of the Red Army. It was on the 23rd of February that the Red Army (since 1946 “Soviet”) and Navy Day was celebrated in the Soviet Union, and in modern Russia, the Day of the Defender of the Fatherland.
From the labour camp to Kultura (the case of Herling-Grudziński)
Włodzimierz Bolecki: ‘As a writer, I was born in a labour camp,’ Gustaw Herling-Grudziński said many times. This approach remains valid today and is reflected in the writer’s path to becoming an editor at Kultura.
31.01.1985. Death of the “uncompromising communist” – Józef Mackiewicz
Prose writer, publicist, journalist. One of the most outstanding Polish writers of the 20th century, nominated for the Nobel Prize in 1975 by the Department of Slavonic Studies at the University of Kansas. Józef Mackiewicz.
Sergiusz Piasecki — Adventurer, Smuggler, Spy, Executioner, Writer, Émigré
A singular talent of Polish literature with a swashbuckling past: a defiant and unyielding anti-communist, intelligence agent of the Second Polish Republic in the Eastern Borderlands, smuggler, fearless AK soldier. Sergiusz Piasecki received a pardon from his prison sentence owing to his literary exploits.
1.12.1934. The murder of Kirov
This day marked the beginning of a new phase in the history of the Soviet Union. The assassination of Sergei Kirov gave rise to the deaths of millions of Soviet citizens. The ‘Great Purge’ and the ‘Great Terror’ were becoming a reality.
30.11.1939 WHEN DED MOROZ WAS NOT IN FAVOUR – THE BEGINNING OF THE WINTER WAR
On the 30th of November 1939, without officially declaring war, the Red Army launched its attack on Finland. Soviet propaganda pointed out how this came in response to Finnish provocations. The truth, however, was different – it was the Soviets who had shelled their own territory in order to obtain the pretext to attack. What the Kremlin did not expect was how embarrassing the decision to invade would ultimately turn out to be. Moreover, Vyacheslav Molotov, People’s Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, was said to have assured that on Stalin’s birthday (the 18th of December) he would drink a cocktail in honour of his leader in captured Helsinki. Cocktails were indeed eagerly “delivered” to the Soviets, but they were Molotov cocktails, or incendiary bottles, employed by Finns to attack Soviet tanks. Their name, which was coined by Finnish soldiers, was intended as a response to the words of the People’s Commissar.
The Great Famine in Kazakhstan (Asharshylyk): A Forgotten History
Dmitriy Panto: Although the subject of the Great Famine in Ukraine (Holodomor) is widely known and researched, the history of this tragedy in Kazakhstan has largely gone without mention in Polish historiography.












