On May 12, 1935, Marshal Józef Piłsudski died. He was buried at Wawel, in the crypt under the Tower of Silver Bells.

On 12 February 1833, Aleksander Czekanowski was born in Krzemieniec in Volhynia. He trained as a geologist, but was not given the freedom to pursue his career as he was sent to Siberia at the age of 30 for taking part in the January Uprising.

Jan Kiliński - a shoemaker, Warsaw councillor, one of the commanders fighting in the Kościuszko Insurrection, a symbol of patriotism, today the patron of numerous streets, schools, scout troops... He is less known as an exile to Siberia.

This is what journalist Bruno Korotyński wrote in 1924 about the slaughter in Warsaw’s Praga district. It was one of the last, and at the same time most tragic, episodes of the Kościuszko Uprising. On 4 November 1794, after the Polish army had been defeated, Cossacks slaughtered about 20,000 civ

Prayer of the Bar Confederates before the Battle of Lanckorona, oil painting by Artur Grottger.

The first Siberian fortresses were built by Polish prisoners of war who had been taken captive by Moscow authorities precisely during the war initiated by Stefan Batory.