On the 30th of November 1939, without officially declaring war, the Red Army launched its attack on Finland. Soviet propaganda pointed out how this came in response to Finnish provocations. The truth, however, was different – it was the Soviets who had shelled their own territory in order to obtain the pretext to attack. What the Kremlin did not expect was how embarrassing the decision to invade would ultimately turn out to be. Moreover, Vyacheslav Molotov, People’s Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, was said to have assured that on Stalin’s birthday (the 18th of December) he would drink a cocktail in honour of his leader in captured Helsinki. Cocktails were indeed eagerly “delivered” to the Soviets, but they were Molotov cocktails, or incendiary bottles, employed by Finns to attack Soviet tanks. Their name, which was coined by Finnish soldiers, was intended as a response to the words of the People’s Commissar.
28.10.1950 State controlled theft – monetary reform in Poland.
On the morning of the October the 29th, 1950, surprising news spread throughout Poland – the previous evening the government had enacted monetary reform. Although the new communist authorities had already made changes in the monetary field in 1944-1945, exchanging money from the years of occupation for the Polish zloty, nevertheless it was the operation in the autumn of 1950 which came to be imprinted in the memory of Poles.
History in liquidation – removal of Polish memorials in Russia
Ewa Ziółkowska: Last year in Russia, one by one, Polish memorial signs disappeared in unexplained circumstances. Crosses, plaques and entire multi-ton stone monuments were removed. This is the Russian response to Poland’s involvement in helping Ukraine attacked by Russia in February 2022.
22.09.1947. “Democracy” under control – the rise of the Cominform
In May 1947 Joseph Stalin decided to dissolve the Comintern, also called the Third International. It was an organisation uniting the communist parties all around the world. Thanks to its functioning the Soviets, who pulled the organisation’s strings, were able to control communist activities in different parts of the globe. The parties who formed the Cominterm were considered to be Moscow spies and not without reason. However, the course of World War II and the disposition for closer cooperation between the West and the Soviet Union forced Stalin to bring about its dissolution. This was his way of showing “good will” to the Americans and British, pointing out that the world communist revolution was no longer in his sphere of interests. But the war finally came to an end, and along with it, Stalin’s “good will”…
Józef Osmołowski – an outstanding expert on Kazakh customsJózef Osmołowski – an outstanding expert in Kazakh customary law
Józef Osmołowski (1820–1881), unlike the entire galaxy of outstanding exiles, made a career in the tsarist administration of his own free will, becoming one of the most outstanding 19th-century ethnographers studying the community of nomadic Kazakhs.
From the Hell of Sybir to a Mexican Paradise – In Photographs
In 1942, approximately 38,000 Polish refugees from the Soviet Union arrived in Iran alongside the newly formed Polish Army. In 1943, around 1,500 of these refugees – children and their caretakers – were sent to the Santa Rosa colony near León, Mexico.
Photojournalism: Past and Present in the Steppes of Kazakhstan
I went to Kazakhstan to meet the descendants of Poles deported to the steppes. To the lands that are part of the area defined in the Polish…
Life and Death in Sybir – In Photographs
Photographs documenting the lives of deportees in Sybir are rare. Nevertheless, some deportees who returned to Poland managed to bring back a few photographs.
Photojournalism: Vorkutlag
Tomasz Kizny: I came to Vorkuta in May 1990, probably as one of the first foreigners who reached these regions of the USSR. The first one who came here voluntarily, because earlier Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Germans and nations of the USSR had been sent to Vorkutlag camps. I came voluntarily but illegally because I had been denied the permission to enter the Vorkuta area, which was then required from foreigners. However, I decided to go…
The personnel of the Polish orphanage in Novy Oskol, 1945-1946
The Personnel of the Polish Orphanage in Novy Oskol in Voronezh Oblast.












